Showing posts with label NQT. Show all posts
Showing posts with label NQT. Show all posts

Saturday, 13 June 2015

Preparing for your first teaching job


Tom Bennett offers practical advice for new teachers on how best to use the summer to get ready for the September term
After your pre-induction (if you had one) you face the prospect of six lovely weeks before you start the job properly. It goes without saying (so I’ll say it) that you should pick up a copy of the schemes of work, syllabuses and any resources the department has to help you teach your first term.
•  In terms of planning, it’s fair to say that you should have planned your first two weeks worth of lessons down to the resources and differentiation before you start. It will seem onerous, but the more you can do in Summer to get ready for your first week the better.
The first weeks are overwhelming, and more so if you have to plan all your lessons too; instead, get that part of the job out of the way, and then you can focus on delivering the lessons, behaviour and other matters of orientation.
  • Pick up syllabuses and schemes of work. Read the bloody things.
  • Get used to the layout of the school, and where all the important rooms are – toilets, staffroom, your classrooms, the office, the head’s office, the department rooms and offices, the playground (!), the canteen, the sin bin. Don’t be ‘the teacher wandering around looking lost’. Some schools have maps, so ask for one.
  • Draw up seating plans and get class lists so that you can notionally have them seated and organized before they enter the room.
  • Brush up on any topic you’ll be teaching if it feels rusty to you. The danger in this period is that you will over-plan. Depending on how tense you feel, you may be obsessing about it all a bit, or constantly worrying that there is something else you should be doing to get ‘readier’. There probably isn’t, unless you’re being really slack.
  • Get your lessons planned, get your bearings, and that’s most of what you need to do. Teaching is an activity where you are learning all the time, and a considerable amount of it is done on the hoof; you can only plan so much before you’re simply planning to relieve anxiety.
So don’t kill yourself; enjoy your summer break (if you have one) and get rested. You’ll need it. Those first weeks were some of the strangest I have ever experienced in my professional life; in at the deep end doesn’t describe it.
Despite all the benefits of the pre-induction, the actual beginning to the induction year is a shock to the system comparable to the scalding hot/freezing cold Turkish bath cure. Let me describe how I felt in one word: busy. I had worked in Soho bars and restaurants on Saturday nights, New Years Eves, bank holidays and Notting Hill Carnivals; I have never felt a keener sense of relentless, endless labour and disorganization as I did in those weeks.
Source: 

Friday, 8 May 2015

Four famous theories of learning: a beginner's guide


As England encourages the brightest young teachers to go straight into schools and train on the job, Mike Gershon offers a crash course in four of the most famous theories of learning, with practical tips for all
The names of the four figures explored in this beginners’ guide - Dewey, Maslow, Bruner and Vygotsky - will be familiar to many teachers, but it is worth reminding ourselves what their work has contributed to education over the past 100 years. So here are short explanations of some of their key ideas and a range of practical examples showing how they can be applied in any school today.

1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was a psychologist interested in human motivation and development. In his 1943 paper, A Theory of Human Motivation, he proposed that humans have various needs by which they are motivated. He placed these in a hierarchy (pictured below) as follows:
  • Physiological needs such as food, water and sleep;
  • Safety needs: protection from violence and harm;
  • Needs for love, affection and belonging;
  • Needs for esteem; and
  • needs for self-actualisation (fulfilling potential).
Maslow argued individuals would struggle to fulfil their highest needs if their lower ones were not met first, but also said needs were not felt in isolation and that at any one time a human being would be likely to experience many different needs, all of which would influence their motivations.
Even so, the point still stands and accords with most people’s experience - that if more basic needs are not met, it is a challenge (or even impossible) to achieve higher goals. If one is hungry or in desperate need of a drink, it is not so easy to compose a sonnet on the nature of love. If one feels cast out by colleagues or classmates, it is hard to focus on doing the very best work of which one is capable.
Clearly, Maslow’s analysis of motivation has consequences for the classroom. If schools can help pupils to satisfy the first four levels of need, they will be able to concentrate on the fifth: self- actualisation.
For each of those first four needs, thereare five things that schools should consider providing to their pupils:
Physiological
  • Healthy, nutritious and tasty food.
  • Encouragement to pupils to drink water throughout the day to stay hydrated.
  • Water fountains for pupils to use.
  • Education for parents and pupils about the importance of sleep and regular bedtimes.
  • Toilets that are well maintained.
Safety
  • A rigorous anti-bullying policy.
  • Teachers visible in break times.
  • Clear expectations around behaviour, supported by consistent sanctions.
  • A school nurse and first-aid trained staff.
  • Clearly communicated and enforced rules based on reason and morality.
Love, affection and belonging
  • An inclusive atmosphere that celebrates diversity.
  • A variety of lunchtime and after-school clubs catering to a wide variety of interests.
  • Use of group work and collaborative learning.
  • A pastoral system that gives pupils peer and tutor support.
  • An ethos in classrooms which states that all can achieve and all have the means to learn.
Esteem
  • Regular praise from teachers, focusing on what pupils have done well in their work, behaviour and attitude.
  • Peer- and self-assessment that focuses on strengths and improvements (aim to praise at least three things for every one criticism).
  • Displays of pupils’ work in classrooms and communal areas.
  • Pupils involved in and consulted about major decisions.
  • Celebration of pupils’ success in newsletters, assemblies and local media.

2. Bruner’s scaffolding

Jerome Bruner is one of the foremost thinkers on education of the modern era. Born in New York in 1915, he trained as a psychologist and went on to make major contributions to a number of fields. At the age of 96, he continues to do research at the New York University School of Law.
Of Bruner’s many ideas, “scaffolding” stands out for its impact on classroom pedagogy. It involves giving pupils aids or guides that help them to come to terms with new skills and concepts. As they become more able, these are gradually removed, just as scaffolding would be taken down from a building. The result is pupils who can deal autonomously with new ideas or who can make effective use of particular skills.
When scaffolding is being used, the teacher is helping pupils to move on, to learn and to make progress. It is akin to someone being shown around a field and then, when they know about each different section, being invited to use and explore the field under their own steam.
Here are three scaffolding techniques:
Modelling: the teacher models an idea or skill so that pupils can see, hear or experience it in context. The teacher is providing something that can be imitated and assimilated by the pupil, helping them to come to terms with new concepts. For example, in a history lesson, the teacher may display a source on the board and then show how they would conduct an analysis of this source.
Giving advice: the teacher uses their knowledge to steer pupils in a particular direction. For example, in a PE lesson the teacher may advise a pupil on how to run more efficiently. The pupil then uses the information to improve their performance.
Providing coaching: the teacher explains to pupils what they have done well and why, as well as what they can do to improve. The process involves the teacher expanding on success criteria for the subject, so pupils can imitate and assimilate these (and eventually know and understand them intrinsically).

3. Vygotsky’s proximal development

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who, despite dying in 1934 at the age of 37, produced a prodigious body of work. In terms of education and pedagogy, his most influential texts are Thought and Language andMind in Society. The titles of both allude to his cultural theory of mind.
The zone of proximal development, or ZPD, lies between what a pupil can do already and the limit of what they can do with guidance from others. It is the space where pupils can make progress with assistance from an instructor - normally a teacher but it could be another pupil. Although Bruner’s concept of “scaffolding” came later, the two are closely linked.
Here are five ways in which you might use the ZPD in your teaching:
  • Assess where pupils are in terms of independent capabilities. Find out which pupils in your class can do things on their own and which need help. Use this information to inform groupings and seating plans. More able students can help their peers acting as the instructor in your stead.
  • Create open tasks that can be accessed on a number of levels. This will give all pupils the chance to work independently. Examples of open tasks include individual writing in response to stimulus material and tasks that involve creating something.
  • Build different levels of challenge into each section of your lesson. For example, include extension and “super-extension” questions on your slides. These give pupils a range of ways to respond to a specific question or a series of tasks that get progressively more difficult.
  • Track pupils’ targets in the front of their books. Make time during a term to look over these with your pupils. This should help them to become aware of their own ZPD and how it is changing over time.
  • Identify particular groups of pupils to work with one-to-one, according to their ZPD. For example, you might identify a particular process that you would like all pupils to be able to do independently. You would then create a group consisting of the pupils who cannot yet do this and work with them intensively until they can.

4. Dewey’s experience and interaction

John Dewey (1859-1952) was an American philosopher who had a major influence on both psychology and education.
Dewey conceived the ideal education as one in which the pupil experiences and interacts with the curriculum. He saw schools as social institutions in which individuals receive their first major experience of society.
Therefore, he argued, education ought to be not just about learning content, but also about learning how to live - with all the attendant intellectual, moral, cultural and social challenges that brings.
Here are three ways in which you might put Dewey’s ideas into practice:
  • Get out of the classroom. This could involve going to, say, a museum or business. Or it could entail a walking tour around the local area in which teacher and pupils look at their surroundings through the lens of a current topic. For example, sociology pupils studying crime and deviance could search the local area for evidence of formal and informal social control.
  • Use discussion. It is present in nearly every aspect of our lives. At work, we talk about what needs to be done and how we will do it; at home, we discuss our plans and how we live together; and when out with friends, we talk about the things we have in common. Using discussion in the classroom is a way for pupils to experience the reality of society and for them to learn how to engage with it successfully, productively and skilfully.
  • Give pupils opportunities to be independent and to make decisions. This could involve open, creative or group tasks (in which pupils must discuss, negotiate and work together); activities in which there are a number of possible options from which to choose; and encouraging pupils to learn from and value their mistakes.

All you can be

Self-actualisation means to reach one’s potential. In the context of Abraham Maslow, it involves individuals being free to fulfil their creative, moral and problem-solving needs, and to be able to act with spontaneity and without prejudice.
It means that people are open to peak experiences such as profound love, rapture and understanding. In a wider sense, it might be likened to an existentialist notion of freedom.

Read more on theories of learning

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10 things every new primary school teacher needs to know

Do smile before Christmas but don’t foray into the staff room if you actually need a break. Here are some top tips for surviving your first year

A classroom scene from Cheltenham Ladies' College, 1954

 “Don’t smile before Christmas” is a cliched piece of advice regarding classroom discipline, typically dished out to new teachers by veteran ones. Photograph: Esther Bubley/Time Life Pictures/Getty

Congratulations on qualifying to enter the world of glitz, glamour and hedonism that is primary education. Sorry, I meant glitter, clamour and headaches – far more exciting. You’re about to embark on one of the most challenging yet rewarding periods of your working life, so here are a few pointers to help you make the most of it:

1. Get to know parents

Parents have more influence over their child’s life in the classroom now than ever. You’ll probably hear your school’s veteran staff reminiscing about the days when teacher, head and parent were all guaranteed, as surely as night follows day, to unite as one to deal with a child’s disciplinary problems or lack of effort in the classroom.
These days are long gone, and the onus is now very much on the teacher and school being able to justify their decisions to parents. So it’s a good idea to engage your new class’s parents as quickly as possible. Little things like standing outside your classroom for a while even after all the kids have left will help to show that you are welcoming. Why not invite a few parents in to show off their child’s successes? If they respect you from the start, their child is more likely to do the same.

2. The staffroom: you might not want to go there

Besides hosting a constant scrummage for the kettle or biscuit tin, the staff room is often the hub of the school building. But it’s also the one place where you’re most likely to get collared by a senior member of the staff and “updated” or expected to quickly digest an urgent memo.
If you actually need a break, it’s the one place you might want to avoid. Even after seven years, I still regularly beg a trusted colleague to make me a cuppa and then hide in the ITC suite for ten minutes at breaktime. 
On the up side, if you ever need advice in a hurry - and you will - it’s the only place you’ll ever need to be.

3. Sorry, there will be nasty people


There comes a point where too many sideways glances in the staff room or scoldings for minor shortcomings might threaten to get the better of you. Try to remember you’ve worked hard to get this far and you shouldn’t have to put up with it. Talk to your headteacher or someone from the governing body. If that doesn’t help, then go to your union.You may feel a little bit isolated as your induction year progresses, and particularly around those who are seasoned professionals or who have risen very quickly up the ranks. Support should be on hand in the form of your mentor, but in rare cases it’s worth bearing alternatives in mind.

4. DO smile before Christmas

“Don’t smile before Christmas” is a cliched piece of advice regarding classroom discipline, typically dished out to new teachers by veteran ones. The truth is that at the moment, too many children have little or nothing to smile about at home and their best hope of any positivity might be in your hands. It may sound simplistic but it’s pivotal - whenever you can, smile your head off. A little bit of comedy goes a long way.

5. It’s the thought that counts

Now, I’m not being greedy here, I am being practical. Every staff room cupboard in the country has ten “World’s Best Teacher” mugs inside, so when the end of term gift-giving season approaches you might want to prepare the ground. Demonstrate to the kids that you only ever use your one “special” mug (the one with Wayne Rooney on it), and instead drop little hints about your favourite indulgences: children love to find out little snippets about their teacher’s life outside of class. This is definitely worth doing if you want to avoid being inundated with Terry’s All Gold when you’re trying to diet, or alcohol when you’re cutting down.

6. Behaviour: pick your battles

Whether you are working in leafy suburbia or a very disadvantaged inner city neighbourhood, you are going to come across children who have specific behavioural needs and you need to empathise with them. If you inherit children in your new class whose behavioural traits are so exceptional that the school policy cannot be applied to them, then they should have an IBP (individual behavioural plan) already written. Familiarise yourself with this, and be sure to listen to the advice offered by parents and previous teachers.


7. There’s no such thing as an “informal” observation

Lesson observations and book scrutiny are something every teacher endures several times a year, and never more so than as a NQT. During my first year, on top of all the standard observations, we were told that a random 20% of us NQTs would be subject to a visit from a county adviser, who would check we were receiving the in-school support we needed. We would also be observed informally, but it was “nothing to worry about”.
I delivered a barely-satisfactory literacy lesson, which led to the deputy head describing my NQT year as being “near dead-in-the-water”. Remember, you should prepare for all observations diligently.

8. Be aware of the rise of cross-curricular writing 

The rise of extended writing in the primary classroom is nothing new – most schools will have seen a notable increase in the quantity of writing, editing and re-writing their pupils are required to produce. More recent studies suggest that children learn subjects more effectively by writing about them at length. Brace yourself for questions about how you’re planning to make this happen early on in the new school year. And sorry, but don’t expect your marking pile to become any more manageable either.

9. Keep it real

No matter how much you might have excelled on your training placements, having your own class is a different world entirely. The majority of your lessons as an NQT will not be outstanding, nor will every set of results go as you expected. Don’t dwell on it, for the sake of your own self-worth. Take advice on board and move on quickly, as something else will soon come along and you’ll be expected to take that on board as well. The good news is that successes are also guaranteed, and whatever shape or size they might take, make sure you celebrate and reward yourself for each and every one of them.

10. Let go

The first class you teach will always be special, despite the times when you have been left screaming in your store-cupboard shortly after home time. But everybody has to move on, and you would do well to bear this in mind. The end of the year will creep up on you so be prepared to feel thoroughly emotional during those last few days, and thoroughly exhausted in the few that follow.
Now go and enjoy your new career – and make sure you stick at it because it’s worth it.
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2014/sep/09/primary-school-newly-qualified-teacher-10-things-need-to-know

Friday, 10 April 2015

Dealing with behaviour issues - a guide for new teachers


I bet you don’t feel like a teacher yet, do you? No. You feel like a fraud. It’s as if the pilot just fainted and someone put the joystick in your hands. You’re wondering when a grown-up will be back to take the class. Well, buster, the grown-up is you. Their lives are in your hands. Suddenly, life is no longer a training exercise; suddenly, you are live, on air.
But what if they don’t do what you want them to? Because they won’t, I promise. Unless you possess the telepathic glamour of Professor X – and I will assume you don’t – then they will, however biddable, resist your intentions.
It’s terrifying, I know. You’re inhuman if you tacitly assume that they will tap dance to your command. Most new teachers I know could barely give a flying fig about whether they know enough about the topic. What they care about is behaviour. And they should; because good behaviour is intrinsic to good learning.
Believe me, a well-planned lesson is useful, but it is not the way to guarantee good behaviour. It helps, but so does a deep voice. It’s a tool, but it isn't the power drill. Almost without doubt, you’ll experience misbehaviour.
Children misbehave because they are children; because they can; because they, like any human, want to pursue their own interests, not other people’s. If you think the default sentiment of humanity is altruism and mutual cooperation, then I have some real estate on the Moon I would like to sell you. What most children want doesn't involve sitting at desks, learning maths, or practising verbs and vowel sounds.
But the fact that they would rather be doing something else doesn't mean you’re a failure; it doesn't mean you’re weak or pathetic; it just means that you’re going to have to get them into your habits, not theirs. And that takes time.
Remember that although some of them will come from backgrounds that have gifted them an impeccable sense of socialisation, many others will be less obedient. Their family home may be unstructured; they may compete for affection and attention; they may have learned survival habits at home that are positively peculiar when they come into the more rigid maze of your lessons. So don’t assume they’ll comply; don’t assume deference; don’t assume anything, except that you have a job to do.

What behaviours can I expect?

Some of your children will be natural teacher-pleasers. You’ll spot them in about two minutes; they devote themselves to anticipating and meeting your every demand, and for a moment you imagine that this teaching lark is a cinch. Be warned; if you get a full hand of these Jacks and Jills you are fortunate indeed. Most decks come with a few jokers. And it only takes a few for the teaching experience to become very tricky. One egotistical time bomb can sink your ship for a lesson or a day. But mostly, the real troublemakers are few and far between, and the class will probably follow a bell curve of compliance.
Here is some wisdom; you’ll get to know the names of the naughty kids in about five minutes flat. And you know what? That’s exactly what they want. Most kids who misbehave are looking for fun and attention and often don’t care what the source of either is. It doesn't make them devils, merely childish and selfish, which is to some extent the natural inclination of the human spirit.
The most common type of misbehaviour is what is often referred to as “low-level” misbehaviour which makes it sound relatively harmless, until you realise that it is kryptonite for your lesson because it’s the kind of misbehaviour that doesn’t justify the riot squad, but is just enough to keep them in your room.
It’s low level in the sense that a river running over a slab of granite is low level, until eventually it cuts it in half with persistence. It’s whispering, humming, chair rocking, pen tapping, turning around, arriving a few minutes late, throwing a pen at someone...this is what you’ll face. To an outsider it sounds like nothing; to the insider, it’s Chinese water torture. Make no mistake; ignore this, and your lessons will crumble.
Far more unlikely, yet looming large in the average new teacher’s nightmares, is high-level disruption, ranging from a rolling scrap to actual confrontation. Chair chucking is rare, but it’s like being struck by lightning – unlikely on a given day in mainstream schools (in special schools it can be common), but terrifying when it rains and you’re on the roof fixing the aerial.

Mistakes you mustn’t make

For God’s sake, don’t try to be too pally with them. The whole “Don’t smile until Christmas” thing has become dogma, but I assure you it is wisdom. Of course you can smile; it isn't a catalyst for mayhem. But take it slowly. Kids want to know many things about you, but high on their list is: “Is he/she strict?” If they decide in five minutes that you’re not, then good luck to you, and you certainly won’t be smiling before Christmas, you’ll be weeping. Don’t forget to set out your rules and boundaries. Don’t assume that they know how to behave; they probably do, but they need to see that you do too. Remember, they’re testing your boundaries as well.

How do I show them who’s boss?

Act like one. Be prepared for teaching: a tidy room; resources prepared; smart appearance; lesson ready for them as they walk in. Be on the door; make eye contact with them as they enter and say Good Morning, but don’t smile. Not yet. Resist the temptation to answer their questions; merely indicate that they should go to the back. When they are all in, get them quiet and then give them a seating plan. They will fuss and moan, but this is nothing to you. Get them into their seats, because that means you can learn who they are. Like demonology, naming gives you power.
Then – and I assure you this is wise – spend a good amount of time introducing yourself and telling them what the rules are. Don’t negotiate with them; don’t ask what rules they think would be wise. This doesn't get you buy-in; it merely shows them that you’re open to persuasion. Why should you? I know what the rules of the room should be because I'm an adult, and so are you. So tell them what you want. You can find a good set of basic rules on my resource list on TES Resources.
Tell them what the consequences of meeting and breaking the boundaries are. And make sure you tell the truth. Don’t shy away from talking about detentions, calling home, losing “golden time”, whatever. Go in hard in the first few days and you will reap the benefits later on. Don’t do it, and you’ll spend the rest of the year persuading them that you’d like them to behave. In the first meeting, I tell kids I care deeply about them; so much so that I'm prepared to police their behaviour with vigour. My room, my rules. If you’re uncomfortable with that then get used to it, because it’s essential to the job.

Learn the school behaviour policy

Don’t be afraid to get help, because that’s how we become mighty. The kids aren't master criminals and all but the most adamantine will succumb to being worn down. But you must be persistent. This is the magic ingredient. Don’t give a few detentions and think “it isn't working”. It just hasn't worked yet. We play the long game. We’re here to change their lives. That doesn't happen in a day or a week. Sometimes it takes months and years of dedication, guts, mindless repetition and fraught hours of confrontation and stress. But it’s worth it. So are you. And so are they.
Source: http://newteachers.tes.co.uk/content/dealing-behaviour-issues-guide-new-teachers

Sunday, 5 April 2015

Getting to know your new school


Your first job is a chance to make your mark, but avoid ‘new broom’ syndrome or you may find some colleagues give you the brush off
The sooner you get to know your new school and colleagues, the more efficient you will be. If you have landed a job in the school where you did your teaching practice, you will already know some of the staff and be familiar with the ethos of the school. But the chances are it will all be new to you. A move to a new school, perhaps in a new local authority, means new people, policies and practices.
First impressions are lasting and can shape how people react to you. You only have a few seconds when you first meet people to make a good impression, so make sure that you present the real you and not a caricature of who you would like to be.
Make sure that you turn up on time, so plan your route to work. Remember that, when schools start back, your travelling time may increase due to the extra traffic.

Get to know as many people as possible

It is worth spreading out beyond your year team or department to get to know a range of people, from the admin staff to the teaching assistants, technicians and support staff. Staying in a close-knit group can alienate you from other teachers.
Be sure to join in social activities, as this is a great way of networking and getting to know your colleagues. But do not go mad on a night out or social event until you know the staff and they know you.

Get to grips with school policies

Policies vary from school to school. Every school has protocols on behaviour, homework, child protection and health and safety, but there will be many more less well-known policies tucked away in the files. Getting to grips with them can seem daunting, but what matters is how the policies are put into practice.
Do not be surprised if colleagues claim that they do not know about various policies and never follow them. You still need to know what they are and bear them in mind. Following the custom and practice of your department or colleagues is fine up to a point, but you still need to know what the management of the school expects and be ready to justify why you did not follow a policy if something goes wrong. Ignorance is no defence.

Adapt and survive

The move from trainee to professional teacher means that some things you did as a student will no longer work - for example, very detailed lesson planning and evaluations. While colleagues should help and back you when dealing with poor behaviour or problems in class, you will be expected to stand on your own two feet.

Find out the lay of the land before leaping in

It is important to fit in with the routines and ethos of the school. The day-to-day practices of the staff and pupils will have been built up over time. If behaviour is poor, staff will be working hard to change that and you can play an active part. But many staff will object when a “new broom” comes in and tries to sweep away established working practices.
Take a lead from your induction mentor or department head and get to know how people work, especially how information is communicated. For example, do most people prefer email, instant messaging, phone calls or face-to- face communication? Do not assume that your preferred method of communication is theirs.
James Williams is a lecturer in education at the University of Sussex

Things to think about

  • Ask to see the school handbook and/or policies. Think about how it may influence you.
  • Discuss your job description with your manager/mentor and how your position fits into the school “big picture”.
  • Make a note of the general work ethic in the school. Arrive on time and leave when the majority of staff do.
  • Become familiar with the key policies that will affect you, such as behaviour, homework and health and safety. Review your practices to ensure you are meeting these policies.
  • Be yourself. Try not to put on a false “you”. Relax and smile, but make it genuine, not a rictus grin.
  • Be open, confident and positive, but choose your words carefully.
  • Talk a little about yourself, but not too much, and don’t keep going on about what you did in your last school practice.
  • Be courteous and attentive to others.
  • Mind your meeting manners. There are unofficial guidelines that dictate decorum during meetings. Some are free-for-alls, where the loudest person gets the floor; in others, opinions are only given when asked for.
  • Do not rock the boat too soon. Even if you have an innovative idea, wait until you have established a credible reputation and rapport with your colleagues before proposing a change.